The Grapes Of Wrath, The Stranger, And The Metamorphosis

One theme that is found in Brave New World, Cry, the Beloved Country, The Grapes of Wrath, The Stranger, and The Metamorphosis is fear. Early in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, we learn the source of the guilt Uncle John feels--his wife complained of a stomach ache, but John played it off. Soon after, his wife died of appendicitis. John still blames himself. He is afraid no one will like him after this because he murdered his wife. To compensate for this fear he leaves packs of gum for the children and does as much as he can to be a good man (Steinbeck 69). Eventually, the weight of John’s sins becomes overwhelming. He tells his family he knew the time would come â€Å"when I’d get to hurtin’ inside so I got to get drunk† (Steinbeck†¦show more content†¦Fear is best demonstrated through the eyes of Gregor’s family in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis. The book opens with the metamorphosis itself--Gregor into a large bug. Immed iately, he is afraid of himself and shuts himself in his room. Gregor’s family is terrified and disgusted when they see what he has become, so they lock him up and stay as far away from him as possible. Only his sister has the courage to bring Gregor his meals, but even then she can only enter Gregor’s room while he is hiding under a sheet (Kafka 29). Eventually, Gregor can not stand being so hated by his family. He bursts into his living room during dinner in the hopes that his family will understand what he has been going through. Instead, the borders renting out the apartment flee from his home in terror, and his parents and sister shoo him back into the room. After being shunned from everyone around him and being the literal monster under the bed, Gregor’s shame gets the better of him and he dies. Meursault, the protagonist of Albert Camus’ The Stranger does not feel fear in the novel, he hardly feels anything at all. It is this lack of feeling and reason on Meursault’s part that ignites fear in others. This is best demonstrated while Meursault is being interrogated by the magistrate. The magistrate feels that everything must happen for a reason and the thought that this may not be true frightens him. He feels that without concrete reason and explanation his lifeShow MoreRelatedA Contrast of Humanity in Suffering and Exploitation: The Grapes of Wrath2502 Words   |  11 Pagesbestowed upon mankind, none are greater than the ones inflicted by our own species of apathy towards poverty and the hardships of our brothers. Steinbeck gives a view of human frailties and strengths from many different perspectives in â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath.† This book demonstrates how people can overcome destitution, team up to find solutions, and provide protection and secur ity in times of trouble. Steinbeck introduces people who are hard working and honest, that reach out selflessly with compassionRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pageslove SF YA Brashares, Ann Sisterhood of the travelling pants YA Brooks, Geraldine March AF http://www.geraldinebrooks.com/march.html Burgess, Anthony A clockwork orange AF Carroll, Lewis Alice in Wonderland JF Camus, Albert The outsider (or the stranger) AF Camus, Albert The plague AF 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Carver, Raymond Cathedral in The stories of Raymond Carver AF Chabon, Michael The amazing

The Death Penalty Debate Essay - 746 Words

The Death Penalty Debate To kill or not to kill. That is the question. Some people think it is wrong; however, a close look into the matter will show it is the right thing to do. The Bible states thou shall not kill but it also states an eye for eye. The death penalty is the worst and most deserved punishment for those who choose to take a life. There is no excuse for a life to be taken; therefore, the murderer should be punished to the full extent. Imagine a loved one of yours is brutally murdered; how would you feel? How much pain would your family have to go through? How would you be able to sleep at night knowing the murderer has not been given the death penalty, knowing he could walk out†¦show more content†¦It’s debateable whether or not the death penalty is cheaper than LWOP, but it’s not important to the victims of repeat offenders, even if it’s just another prisoner. In American society, the threat of capital punishment stands as the ultimate sentence for a criminal. The moral complications of the taking of another life, whether it is by murder or as legally accepted punishment, remains an unresolved conflict between Americans. Despite the fact that capital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, is legal in only a handful of countries in the world, the majority of Americans regard it as acceptable retribution. In the 1981 Gallup Poll, two-thirds of Americans voted general approval of capital punishment. By 1994, the same poll concluded that a tremendous 80% of Americans approved of capital punishment (Moore, 1994:5). It is no wonder that many of our countries leaders approve of the death penalty. The former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Newt Gingrich, believes that mass executions of 27 or 30 or 35 people at a time would be effective in the reduction of the importation of illegal drugs in to America (Taylor, 1995). In 197 2, capital punishment was eradicated in the United States when the Supreme Court declared that under then existing laws impositionShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Death Penalty1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate on death penalty In her book Last Words From Death Row: The Walls Unit, Norma Herrera writes about the tribulations she and her family went through while trying to free her brother, Leonel, from the death row. Despite showing glaring and overwhelming evidence claiming his innocence, Leonel was sentenced to death for a crime that he did not commit. His last words to the world were, â€Å"I am innocent, innocent, innocent. I am an innocent man, and something very wrong is taking place tonightRead MoreDeath Penalty Debate2037 Words   |  9 PagesDeath Penalty Debate Paper BCOM/275 The death penalty is an issue that has continually created conflict in today’s society. Many people arguing whether or not the death penalty should exist. Who’s to say whether the death penalty is a form of justice and therefore a valid and appropriate punishment or whether it is a â€Å"cruel and unusual† form of punishment. â€Å"The Arizona Supreme Court threw out the death sentences for a Tucson man who bludgeoned his girlfriend and her two childrenRead MoreThe Debate On The Death Penalty1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on the death penalty has been the ongoing question for generations. There are plenty of different sides to take on this issue. You have the side where some people think that putting prisoners to death is inhumane and that no matter what they did putting a human to death is wrong. While others may think that if the crime is extreme enough that the prisoner who committed this crime should pay for it with their own life. Throughout history there have been several instances where prisonersRead MoreThe Debate On The Death Penalty1892 Words   |  8 PagesDeath Penalty The debate on if the death penalty is ethical is something that is a long-standing debate depending on what side of the issue you are on. Both sides of this issue have their points yet there are always things about the issue that kept it in the forefront. The right to life is taken for granted without thinking twice, however, due to the laws of this country the freedom we take for granted can be taken away with the mistakes we made. Looking at both sides of the issue gives insightRead MoreDeath Penalty Debate Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial debate over the death penalty has been going on for a very long time and still has no conclusive solution. In the United States that is, most of the rest of the civilized world has done away with the death penalty a long time ago. Many people have different views on this issue. Although, there is a consensus that heinous murders need to be severely punished, there is no consensus on the choice of that punished. The debate over the proper punishment lies between the death penalty and lifeRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisonsRead More The Death Penalty Debate Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Death Penalty Debate The issue of the death penalty is widely disputed. So disputed that maybe I shouldn’t have picked this topic. But nevertheless, the death penalty is an issue that needs to be addressed. Should the death penalty be abolished from our criminal justice system? Well, that depends on whom you ask. If you ask me†¦ no. I personally don’t see anything wrong with the death penalty because there are a lot of criminals that are just too dangerous to society and death is the onlyRead MoreThe Debate Over Death Penalty1618 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Reiner Writing 39C 7/20/16 Debates over Death Penalty in the United States The issue of death penalty today is a popular topic for numerous public and scholarly discussions. The death penalty has a long and distinguished history in the United States, as it has been around in some form—either official or otherwise—since the beginning of American society. America originally adopted the British justice system, with hundreds of crimes being punishable by death. Slowly but surely, states beganRead MoreThe Death Penalty Debate Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty seems to be a very debatable subject. There are arguments and support for both sides of the debate, but which side is right? That is a tough question to ask. After reading the article in the textbook, two other articles, and looking at statistics, I seem to feel that the death penalty may not be the right answer. The article in the textbook The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide was fairly informative. One of the points it brought up was the cost of life withoutRead MoreThe Debate Of Banning The Death Penalty877 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Executions The United States has been going through the debate of banning the death penalty for decades; however, it continues to remain at a standstill as crime rates continue to stay the same throughout the country. The people for continuing the death penalty happens to see their group split in to two groups. One for the private executions and the other for public. Public executions can do many things like deter crimes from happening, giving the victims closure, and finding the right kind

Meaning of Being Educated Free Essays

The Meaning of Being an Educated Person Being educated is one of the most important attribute a person can have. However, there is a difference between being educated from experience and being educated from readings and schoolwork. Though being knowledgeable through experience allows a person to be thought of as well-rounded, the basics of his or her own rights and abilities are often overlooked. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Being Educated or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not too many people can recite all of their rights and capabilities and be able to explain them to an outsider. The American legal system is increasingly important with the constant changes in what is acceptable to our society. Being well-educated in the rights of one’s country allows for a citizen to become more involved and in turn, appreciate his or her country. An exact definition of educated would be termed as â€Å"having an education or having knowledge based from fact†, according to the online Merriam-Webster Dictionary. To become educated, a person enters and may commit to a continuous process. Education is a process of gaining knowledge through self-examination and will, interactions with peers or elders, pure experience. One can even say that a person is educated through instinct alone. However, instinct alone cannot suffice if one wishes to enter the job force and rise in society. There is also a responsibility that comes along with gaining education. With the acquiring of knowledge there is the choice to use it to one’s advantage or to keep it to oneself. Education is variable. One can be more educated in law than another, and one can be more educated in music than another. How educated a person is is dependent on how much they want to learn about a subject. Not every piece of knowledge about the American government is handed to each citizen. Though many do not seek further education beyond high school, the resources are there for the use of learning and practicing one’s freedom. An example of a well-educated person in terms of an American’s rights and liberties would be a lawyer. A lawyer is schooled for many years about the legal system, including the laws and constitution of America. It is with their degree that lawyers gain the right and trust to provide legal advice and guidance. Some lawyers further their education and occupational ranking by becoming magistrates. Magistrates are looked upon has having a high education and understanding of the law, rights, and regulations of our society. Another example would be the occupation of a police officer. A police officer acts as a guide and stable hand to the society of America. A police officer learns and practices the constitutional law and keeps wrongdoers in check as much as possible. They create a safer environment for people to live in and lead by example by enforcing the rules as sternly as possible. When a criminal or delinquent is arrested they are confronted by the officer saying â€Å"you have the right to remain silent†. The police officer is making the citizen aware of their right as an American. When a business is made and operated, the owner or owners practice their legal rights as an American. These rights are laid out in exact detail through a contract signed in the process of starting a business. The owner is well educated in the law and rights that he or she must follow and practice. As a business owner, one will practice property rights most often. â€Å"Property is a set of legal rights to exclude others from interfering with one’s acquisition, possession, use, and transfer of limited resources† (Reed 451). By owning a business, a person has the right to acquire, dispose of, and use property freely. According to the Cato Handbook for Policymakers, property is the foundation of every right we Americans have, which includes the right to be free. Therefore, every land owner practices their rights as an American. â€Å"When laws are generally and equally applicable they will tend to produce a beneficial social order because lawmakers cannot benefit themselves exclusively but only as they also benefit the populace as a whole† (Reed 450). The laws are set in the U. S. Constitution in order to provide order and stability in the American society. The writers of the constitution were not as learned about society and democracy as people are today, but they were educated enough to realize what laws and guidelines would create a greater society and social system. The constitution allows for certain authorities to lead the United States. These authorities have a greater understanding and education about how society should work and run. With a greater education and understanding of the United States laws and freedoms, an American citizen has the capacity to appreciate and take part in their society. A well educated person has knowledge of fact and experience combined whether it is from schooling or by random occurrence. Through schooling, one can become part of the American government and practice the law by providing guidance and stability for citizens who may seem unaware. With numerous resources available to anyone in America, the ability to become well-educated in the subject of the government and the rights of the American citizen is easy. Works Cited A Summary of the US Constitution. n. d. 15 June 2011 lt;http://www2. waketech. edu/blogs/elcivics/files/2011/03/summary-of-the-USConstitution. pdf;gt;. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. â€Å"educated. † n. d. Merriam-Webster. com. 17 June 2011 ;lt; http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/educated;gt; â€Å"Property Rights and the Constitution. † Cato Handbook for Policymakers 7. (2009): 345-362 17 June 2011. Reed, O. Lee. â€Å"Law, The Rule of Law, and Property: A Foundation for the Private Market and Business Study. † American Business Law Journal 8. (2001): 441-474. Web. 17 June 2011. How to cite Meaning of Being Educated, Papers

Strategic Human Resource Planning in Academia

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Human Resource Planning in Academia. Answer: Introduction In present scenario every organization is competing against each other in the market. What distinguishes an organization from their competitors is their business strategy. A business strategy is very important for the sustainability of the business in the long run and to secure a competitive position in the market. Business in order to succeed in the market should have a clear idea about their goals and objectives to be achieved in the future. Without any goals, an organization is directionless and cannot survive in the market. A goal cannot be accomplished without designing a plan or a course of action. Strategic planning refers to a future path that will fulfill the vision and mission of the entrepreneur and organization. It helps to analyze the current strengths and work on the weaknesses so as to achieve the goals effectively. Strategic planning involves determining the current position of the organization into markets by analyzing the competencies of the organization and external competitive environment. The next step in strategic planning involves defining the vision and mission that an entrepreneur wish to achieve in future for the overall benefit and growth of the business. One of the future goals or mission can be to work on the issues existing in the internal environment of the business. But the most important factor in strategic planning is the financial and human resources. Arranging funds is never a problem but finding the right individual with skill and expertise who believes in the vision and mission of the entrepreneur and be a strategic contributor in achieving the g oals and objectives of the organization. Human resources in any organization have been proven to provide a competitive edge in the market. The products and services can be copied by the competitors but there is no substitute available for the skill and competencies of an individual working in the organization. The department which is directly responsible for hiring, recruiting and training such employees is the human resource department. Human resource department in todays world is no longer stereotyped as the provider of secondary support functions to the main departments such as marketing and finance. The human resource department in the modern times referred to as strategic partner as they design strategies to increase the productivity if the employees so that they can collectively work towards achieving the organizations vision and mission with the help of effective strategic planning. Relationship between HR planning and strategic planning In order to succeed and achieve the objectives it is very important for an organization to utilize their resources affectively. As discussed above the most important resource is the human resources. Human resource planning refers to the hiring and recruiting the right individual for the right position required for the accomplishments of future goals and objectives. Both the strategic planning and human resource planning is interdependent on each other. The requirement of human resource is mainly dependent on the organizations vision and mission. The most important purpose of human resource planning is to ensure sufficient human resources to meet the strategic vision of the organization. The dependent factor here is a long term vision. A strategic plan defines the long term vision of the organization, without the strategic planning the requirement of human resource cannot be determined. Each step in HR planning process is related to the strategic planning. After making a strategic pla n, the current capacity of HR is identified and whether there skills and abilities are sufficient to achieve the long term goals. The next step is anticipating the HR requirement of the future. It includes analyzing the requirement of the workforce to achieve the desired goals. The gap analysis is also conducted which involves identified the gap between the present state of the organization and where they want to reach in the future. It also includes comparing the current workforce skills and abilities with the future requirement and then carefully designing HR policies to achieve the strategic goals. The last step involve adopting suitable HR such as restructuring which involves staff attrition or redesigning the position requirement, training the existing staff to contribute productively in achieving the goals, recruiting new skilled and abled staff to match the strategic goals. It is clearly evident that each step of HR planning is related to the strategic planning. Integrating HRM with the organizational strategic planning process The main problem in an organization is the HR department is not considered in the strategic planning process but rather they are considered suitable for administrative functions. HRM should be integrated with the strategic planning process in order to realize the long term organizational goals. Integrating HRM with strategic planning process is important because when the organization is preparing for the strategic change training the individual is very important to deal with the problem of resistance to change and so that they can perform productively to achieve the goals. Apart from this motivating and encouraging employee is important to increase their productivity and this can be only done with the help of effective HR strategies. The effective execution of strategic plan is very important and without the cooperation of employees it is not possible. To effectively implement the planned strategy communicating the organizations vision and mission to all the level of the organization is very important and HR plays a common link between the top level management who design a strategic plan and all the levels of management. They communicate the strategies to every individual so that they can contribute collectively to fulfill the desired objectives. Conclusion It can be concluded that strategic planning process is incomplete without the involvement and cooperation of the human resource department. Their role is not just limited to performing administrative functions, without their contribution an organization cannot achieve the goals and objectives. They are responsible in the human resource planning which is very important for the implementation of the planned strategy. A strategy is just a thought or a document which will not come into action without the support and strategic contribution of the employees. References Beauttah Mwangi, Waweru, and Kellen, Kiambati. "Integrating Human Resource Management with Organizational Strategies".Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A Administration and Management15, no. 7 (2015). Accessed March 24, 2017. https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume15/4-Integrating-Human-Resource.pdf. CANIA, Luftim. "The Impact Of Strategic Human Resource Management On Organizational Performance".Economia. Seria Management17, no. 2 (2014). Accessed March 24, 2017. https://www.management.ase.ro/reveconomia/2014-2/14.pdf. Danial Aslam, Hassan, Mehmood Aslam, Naeem Ali, Badar Habib, and Madiha Jabeen. "Human Resource Planning Practice In Managing Human Resource: A Literature Review".International Journal of Human Resource Studies3, no. 1 (2013). Accessed March 24, 2017. https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijhrs/article/download/6253/6131. Kukreja, Deepak. "Strategic Planning: A Roadmap To Success". IVEY Business Journal (2013). Accessed March 24, 2017. https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/strategic-planning-a-roadmap-to-success/. "Practicing The Discipline Of Workforce Planning".SHRM. Last modified 2015. Accessed March 24, 2017. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/practicingworkforceplanning.aspx. Ulferts, Gregor, Wirtz Patrick, and Peterson Evan. "Strategic Human Resource Planning In Academia".American Journal of Business Education2, no. 7 (2009). Accessed March 24, 2017. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1052648.pdf.

Timeout Essay Research Paper 1What criteria did free essay sample

Timeout Essay, Research Paper 1.What standards did Cadbury Ireland usage in developing TimeOut? Cadbury # 8217 ; s Ireland in finding standards for developing TimeOut, looked at it # 8217 ; s strengths and competences which it felt it had expertness or could derive competitory advantage in. It identified three engineerings, which would fall into this class. I.Extrusion 2.Flake cocoa industry 3.Wafer devising and baking Cadbury # 8217 ; s Ireland combined these three country # 8217 ; s of excellence ( i.e. nucleus competences ) to develop a merchandise to make full the bridge-brand place, which would straight vie against it # 8217 ; s rivals of Twix and KitKat in the bar-biscuit market. Cadbury must besides see another factor in developing TimeOut. This is Dairy Milk cocoa. Cadbury Dairy Milk cocoa is made from fresh Irish milk and is used in all of Cadbury # 8217 ; s merchandises, every bit good as being marketed individually under the Cadbury Dairy Milk trade name. But the most of import standards for developing TimeOut was the manner in which Cadbury defined market sections. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeout Essay Research Paper 1What criteria did or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cadbury defines sections on the footing of how clients buy instead than on how a merchandise is made. This method of specifying market sections allowed Cadbury Ireland to place a important ingestion form whereby the take-home section is increasing its portion of the confectionery market. They besides noticed an convergence in the market place where trade names which were traditionally seen as bars, were now distributing out into the biscuit market. This standard meant that Cadbury Ireland would hold to develop a merchandise, which would sit into this bridge-brand place between the saloon and biscuit market, i.e. it would be every bit fulfilling to the confectionery market as a saloon in it # 8217 ; s ain right, and to the biscuit market as a bite at break clip. 2.Which selling mix variables were most of import in positioning TimeOut? The selling mix variables besides known as the 4 P # 8217 ; s are merchandise, pricing, packaging and publicity. The most of import selling mix variable in the placement of TimeOut were merchandise, packaging, and publicity. Given the power of retail merchants Cadbury had small discretion in the finding of the monetary value of TimeOut. Therefore the issue of pricing was non that of import in the placement of TimeOut. In positioning TimeOut as a bridge-brand merchandise between the saloon and biscuit market the most of import selling mix variable was basically the merchandise. Cadbury Ireland needed to make a merchandise which would incorporate adequate biscuit to fulfill the biscuit market, while incorporating adequate cocoa to every bit fulfill the saloon market. They achieved this through a technological progress which allowed them to layer flake on to wafer. TimeOut consists of a flake Centre, sandwiched between two wafers and covered in dairy milk cocoa. In TimeOut, Cadbury Ire land seemed to of found a alone mix of cocoa and biscuit to fulfill both markets. Other considerations under merchandise were the name and the negligee layout. It was discovered that utilizing a name bespeaking the timing and state of affairs in which the saloon should be consumed greatly enhanced the clients apprehension of what the merchandise was designed for. The name TimeOut efficaciously portrays the purposes of TimeOut to be a saloon taken at snack clip. This thought was supported by the image of a clock and a mug on the negligee, to once more propose use at bite clip. The color strategy of the negligee is besides interesting. The blue/red/yellow coloring material strategy makes TimeOut stand out in a market which is preponderantly uses darker coloring material strategies such as black/brown or gold. The lighter color strategy of TimeOut is more easy associated with light biscuity bars, mentioning to the wafer parts in TimeOut, and besides giving the image of TimeOut as a igniter, healthier saloon. TimeOuts packaging constellation was really of import. If TimeOut merely established themselves in standard format foremost and so proceeded to spread out into all the different formats at a ulterior day of the month, they would non hold made the needed impact on the span trade name market. Therefore, they produced in a assortment of formats from the beginning, i.e. criterion, 5-pack, breakpack, and treat-size. This allowed them to run into the demands of the legion different user groups of the merchandise. On it # 8217 ; s let go of TimeOuts placement was supported by heavy advertisement and publicity runs. Television and wireless advertisement emphasised the # 8220 ; TimeOut at any clip # 8221 ; subject, while publicities such as giving a free TimeOut saloon with every criterion box of Lyons tea, the largest selling trade name of tea in Ireland, clearly marked TimeOuts desired positioning as a drink concomitant. On the other manus, TimeOuts generous distribution of free samples, both at in-store publicities and at street activities, showed it wanted to b taken earnestly as a saloon in it # 8217 ; s ain right. Therefore through the selling mix variables of merchandise, packaging, and publicity TimeOut clearly positioned itself in the bridge-brand place of the saloon and biscuit market. 3.How did the placement and selling schemes of its chief rival influence TimeOuts placement? The bridge-brand market is a really competitory market, and placement is a really of import factor to success. TimeOuts placement and the placement of its chief rivals is best illustrated by the following placement map. Barroom Market Bridge-Brand Position Bar A ; Snack Market Low PriceHigh Monetary value Bite Market Among TimeOuts chief rivals in the bridge-brand market are Twix, KitKat, Cadbury Snack and Jacobs Club Milk. As shown in the placement map above Twix is positioned in the bridge-brand market but is non every bit concentrated in the bite market as some of the others. Twix is positioned on its good value-for-money, even though it # 8217 ; s monetary value is about that of market par. It # 8217 ; s placement in the bite market is personified by the motto # 8220 ; Whenever there # 8217 ; s a bite spread. Twix fits. # 8221 ; Twix # 8217 ; s selling scheme is backed up by the heavy advertisement it continues to have. Another chief rival would be KitKat. Although KitKat would be considered more of a bite than Twix, it places itself by a heavy advertisement scheme like Twix and besides by maintaining its monetary value 2-4p below market par. KitKat showed it # 8217 ; s want to be present in both saloon and biscuit market by the usage of advertisement runs such as the innovative advert which debated # 8220 ; it # 8217 ; s a biscuit # 8230 ; it # 8217 ; s a saloon # 8221 ; . KitKat # 8217 ; s positioning scheme would look to hold worked with it entering gross revenues of around? 1 1 million in 1992, one of the highest gross revenues figures for that market. Although available in individual format, Jacobs Club Milk bars have neer made a great impact in the impulse saloon market. Their chief country of gross revenues would be the household six battalion format. This is so because of the traditional utilizations of Club Milk. As one of the oldest bite trade names on the market Club Milk is traditionally perceived as a bite to be taken at tea clip, and a bite that is great to set in a jammed tiffin for kids traveling to school and so away. This thought of bite at tea clip is reinforced by the catchy slogan # 8220 ; If you # 8217 ; re traveling to hold a cupper, have a club. # 8221 ; The placement of Cadburys Snack was really interesting. Cadbury Snack is now one of the dominant forces in the bite market. This is achieved chiefly through food market gross revenues and gross revenues to the providing market. This nexus with the catering industry and providing events is really of import to Cadbury Snack. Not merely does it increase gross revenues but it besides steadfastly places Cadbury Snack in the bite market. Peoples who would travel to events and standard Cadbury Snack as a drink concomitant would be more accustom to it as a bite and easy tie in it with break times or tea times. Besides Cadbury Snack assortment of bite merchandises, i.e. the xanthous Snack, the violet Snack and the pink Snack, aid to provide for the different gustatory sensations and therefore a wider section of the markets. TimeOuts positioning comparative to these other merchandises was done by edifice consciousness through test and publicity and significant initial advertisement. But unlike the some of the other merchandises TimeOut build trueness and therefore could last and thrive one time the initial heavy advertisement support was removed. This is apparent by the study which showed that out of the people surveyed that 97 % of kids ( aged 1 1 # 8211 ; 1 4 ) has used TimeOut and that 43 % of these would be regular users while 41 % being occasional users. TimeOut positioned itself in the center of the bridge-brand market trusting to capture both markets, yet did non vie to a great extend on monetary value, their monetary value being about that of market par. TimeOut did non seek to vie precisely like or mime any of it # 8217 ; s rivals, instead it used a scheme of deriving client trueness to enable it to cut down the sum of advertisement it had to make other trade names. Q4.What are the cultural factors that account for the success of TimeOut? Could TimeOut be successful in other European states? The cultural factors that account for TimeOuts success in the Irish and English markets are chiefly due to the alteration in cultural wonts refering eating in these states. The bite market is a really large and mature market in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is basically a lifestyle market linked to the destructed attack to nutrient. In Ireland the people base their eating wonts around several occasions during the twenty-four hours, instead than two or three chief repasts. This is slightly due to the devastation of household mealtimes and less clip being devoted to repasts. Since this is the civilization in Ireland, the pattern of the 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. bite interruptions are really common. These interruptions normally consist of a cup of tea or java together with a piece of fruit, a cocoa saloon or a bar. The civilization in Ireland peculiar suits the bite saloon as Ireland are accomplished # 8220 ; noshers # 8221 ; as illustrated by research which shows the big growing in the Irish confectionery market which seen it reach one-year gross revenues of over? 240 million in both 1991 and 1992. This is besides apparent in a study, which measured ingestion of cocoa confectionery ( Kg per capita ) in EU states. Ireland and the United Kingdom both had the highest ingestion of cocoa with a figure of 8.3 kilogram. The success that TimeOut has enjoyed in Ireland and United Kingdom will be difficult to fit in other European states. This is illustrated by figures in the antecedently mentioned EU study. While Ireland and the United Kingdom both had the highest ingestion of cocoa with 8.3 kilogram other European states had ingestion degrees of every bit low as 0.5 kilograms, with the EU norm being merely 4.8 kilogram. Besides other European states civilization differs immensely from Ireland # 8217 ; s. As mentioned before the 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. bite interruptions are really common in Ireland, slightly due to the devastation of household mealtimes and less clip being d evoted to repasts, and besides indicates a slow but steady alteration in cultural wonts refering feeding. Even though this is partially what accounts for the addition in the bite market in other European states, they have non reached the same extent to which Ireland in this graze phenomenon ( wont of bite feeding and devastation of repasts ) .

Reaction Rate Definition and Equation

Reaction Rate Definition and Equation The reaction rate is defined as the rate at which the reactants of a chemical reaction form the products.  Reaction rates are expressed as concentration per unit time. Reaction Rate Equation The rate of a chemical equation may be calculated using the rate equation. For a chemical reaction: a  A   b  B →  p  P   q  Q The rate of the reaction is: r k(T)[A]n[B]n k(T) is the rate constant or reaction rate coefficient. However, this value is not technically a constant because it includes the factors that affect reaction rate (most notably temperature). n and m are reaction orders. They equal the stoichiometric coefficient for single-step reactions, but are determined by a more complicated method for multi-step reactions. Factors That Affect Reaction Rate There are several factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction: Temperature: Usually this is a key factor. In more cases, raising the temperature increases the rate of a reaction because higher kinetic energy leads to more collisions between reactant particles. This, in turn, increases the chance some of the colliding particles will have sufficient activation energy to react with each other. The Arrhenius equation is used to quantify the effect of temperature on reaction rate. It is important to note some reaction rates are negatively impacted by temperature, while a few are independent of temperature.The Chemical Reaction: The nature of the chemical reaction plays a large role in determining reaction rate. In particular, the complexity of the reaction and the state of matter of the reactants is important. For example, reacting a powder in a solution typically proceeds faster than reacting a large chunk of solid.Concentration: Increasing the concentration of the reactants increases the rate of a chemical reaction.Pressure: Increasing the pressure increases the rate of reaction. Order: The reaction order determines the nature of the effect of pressure or concentration on rate.Solvent: In some cases, a solvent does not participate in a reaction, but does affect its rate.Light: Light or other electromagnetic radiation often speeds up reaction rate. In some cases, the energy causes more particle collisions. In others, light acts to form intermediate products that affect the reaction.Catalyst: A catalyst lowers activation energy and increases reaction rate in both forward and reverse directions. Sources Connors, Kenneth (1990). Chemical Kinetics:The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution. VCH Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-471-72020-1.Isaacs, Neil S. (1995). Section 2.8.3. Physical Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 9780582218635.IUPAC (1997) Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book).Laidler, K. J.; Meiser, J.H. (1982). Physical Chemistry. Benjamin/Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-5682-7.

Increasing taxes of alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Increasing taxes of alcohol - Essay Example According to the health minister, when in the year 2000 the previous government initiated a tax decrease on these products, it led to a drastic increase in the consumption of these products. Official data suggests that the consumption increased form 14 percent to around 60 percent with young girls. Moreover, an even more alarming situation for the government is that the consumption of ready to alcohol drinks is increasing within teenagers and data suggests that girls are even more responsive towards this trend in comparison with boys. The government hopes to reverse this trend with this price increase since the segment is price sensitive plus the government also promises to spend the tax revenue in preventive health schemes. The above-mentioned case in many ways relates to different concepts of economics. The first one can be the very basic relation of price and demand. Economics at its initial level teaches that price charged for any product and quantity demanded of that product enjoy a negative or inverse relationship. If price charged for a product increases than the quantity demand decreases and vice versa1. This case shows a similar kind of a situation. According to the health minister when in year 2000, the previous government decreased the taxes, it led to the decrease in the price charged for it to consumers and this decrease in price led to a drastic increase in the quantity demanded for ready to drink alcohol drinks. Official data suggests that it rose from 14 percent to 60 percent within the segment of young girls. The price demand relationship explains the idea and phenomenon behind this happening. Another important concept of economics applied here is the price elasticity of demand. Sensitivity of quantity demanded to the changes in the price charged is the price elasticity of demand. In order words, it can also be said that it refers to the responsiveness of demand in relation to the changes in price.

James J Hill and E H Harriman Compare and Contrast Term Paper

James J Hill and E H Harriman Compare and Contrast - Term Paper Example While J. P. Morgan stood for the banking industry, the oil industry could not be spoken about without mentioning John D. Rockefeller, iron and steel industries were synonymous with Andrew Carnegie’s name, and lastly, as we all know, Harriman was the man who stood for the railroads (Klein 1). In The Life and Legend of E. H. Harriman, the author of the biography, Maury Klein, offers us the first in-depth story about Harriman. The biography covers his influential times in the industry. It spans more than seventy-five years (Klein). E. H. Harriman’s life has been understudied, for the most part, but he was truly influential in the growth of American economy. While Harriman was successful in bringing ‘dead’ companies back to life, James J. Hill was just as successful in the rail transportation business. Their lives changed America. As the story goes, we are put in the loop on how Harriman used to be a banker in Wall Street up to his 50th birthday (Klein, 65). Af ter that, he got into the railroad business in the year 1897. That is the time he took control of the then Union Pacific Rail Road. The company was emerging from a period of bankruptcy. Harriman is credited with the success of modernizing each and every aspect of the company’s operations. Harriman provides us with new insights into the controversies and the myths that surround the career of one of American’s greatest businessmen. Moreover, the book goes on to reassert the position held by this great mind as a true business titan of the turn-of-the-century. James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest is a biography of a legendary capitalist, James Hill, to whom great changes were credited in the Northwest. The author of the book, Michael P. Malone, is a gifted historian. He is also a respected writer. This is well, evident, in the manner in which he has carefully penned the remarkable life and times of one James J. Hill. In focus, Michael Malone’s biography on James J. Hill is selective. Additionally, it is interpretive in the method it has used. Nonetheless, all these angles at this biography are just like all the other books on the same topic series. However, Michael Malone avoids the pitfalls of other biographies that came before this one. The other biographies often present hagiographic pictures or business histories that are very slim in content. This is not the case with this biography penned by Michael Malone. James Hill is put fully into the context of the times he lived and did business and put his mark on American business history. Worthy of note is the fact that the author, Michael Malone has put emphasis on the effect James Hill’s actions had on America; more specifically, the regions in which he lived and did business.  

The analysis of teaching service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The analysis of teaching service - Essay Example but it actually begins with requirement gathering, analysis, design, coding, testing and acceptance (basically what we have also in Agile methodology as well today). I was more involved in requirement gathering and later on testing part of the process. Therefore I can say I was also involved with such project. Before I use one of the projects as an example and describe about the Work System that was used and the elements of it, I wanted to share some of experiences I’ve had with Systems Analysis and Design. First of all I should I figured out that no matter how much a system is a large or small, the theory will always work if we pay attention to them. The standards would work if you know yours system at first and also if you know what the theory is talking about; although all of these need experience as well. Having said that I believe Systems Analysis and Design is one of the most important aspects of any development project. The better the analysis the easier the development and market new products as well as identify and enter new markets with existing and new products. There are a number of considerations I have related to system analysis and design. From an overarching perspective I recognize that the systems process occurs in nearly all environments. In this way I recognize that even psychology and family relationships have been considered in terms of systems elements. Bronfenbrenner (1979, p. 34) established Ecological Systems theory as a pervading mode of examining human relationships in the home and work environment. In these regards I recognize that not only the structure of work environments, but also the individuals interacting within these environments fall within the domain of systems elements. Another major recognition I have had related to system analysis and design is the relation of systematic inputs and their workplace functionality. Indeed, Alter (2006, p. 1) indicated that one of the primary challenges of system analysis and design i s ineffective design of inputs within the system. Dick & Carey (2009) indicated that the single most important factor of whether a systematic training input will be incorporated into the workplace environment is the context of that workplace. Many times in my past experience I have received training in an element that was later not directly relevant or supported in the workplace environment. Upon entering the workplace environment this systematic component was then disregarded because of ineffective structures. Ultimately, then I recognize that one of the most essential elements of systems and systematic design is ensuring that each of the components operate together in a functional and mechanistic way. Part III. For a nonprofit project I was involved in our specific work system was a high school teacher working in public education. Customers While there are not customers in the traditional sense, there are similar components. In this way there are students achieving and receiving t he learning. There are parents interested in their children’s education. There are administrators and state education board members interested in ensuring the education provided reflects well on their professional competency. Finally, there are business organizations concerned with ensuring that there is an educated workforce to choose from. Products and Services The products and service are course specific. In terms of a mathematics classroom it is important that students learn algebraic functions, geometry, and potentially calculus. Additionally, they gain critical thinking and problem solving abilities. In this way the products and services are the education that is provided for the students. This

Homeostasis Within the Nervous System

Homeostasis Within the Nervous System Section one Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the consistent interaction of the body’s main regulatory processes (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). This process developed by Claude Bernard in 1865 and then named by Walter Cannon in 1926, is used by the endocrine and nervous system in order to maintain a psychological internal environment disregarding external influences. As the environment is always changing the body is constantly trying to regulate factors within it such as water concentration, PH levels, Oxygen levels, nutrients, urea and levels of salt, sugar and electrolytes. During homeostatic regulation the body uses negative feedback to move the body back to within its normal range of values. To do this a receptor detects and responds to a stimuli from the internal or external environment , once detected the receptor sends information of the stimuli down the afferent pathway to a controller. Once received the controller then determines an appropriate response to the stimuli and sends a signal down the efferent pathway to the effector. Once received the effector then makes a change in order to balance out the effects of the stimuli and once again create a dynamic equilibrium within the body. Body temperature is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Once body temperature rises above the norm it stimulates temperature receptors in the skin dermis, information regarding this change is then sent to the controller which in this instance is the hypothalamus within the brain. The hypothalamus then processes the information and sends a signal to the effect or to start the process of negative feedback. The effector responds by starting the process of vasodilation which in this case would cause the sweat gland to activate in order to lower the body’s core temperature. Without homeostasis a homeostatic imbalance could occur, organisms need to be able to maintain nearly constant internal environments in order to survive grow and function properly (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Enzymes within the body operate to their full potential within a specific range of conditions. By maintaining PH levels and body temperature enzyme linked reactions can occur efficiently. By maintaining changes in water potential homeostasis protects essential cells needed for processes within the body. Changes in water potential could possibly affect the amount of water within tissue fluid and cells, this could potentially cause the cells to desiccate or burst. Therefore, failure to maintain this could possibly lead to a positive feedback mechanism taking over and the possibility of further complications or death. Section 2 The endocrine system consists of glands that are present throughout the body and secrete hormones in order to control actions that maintain homeostasis, preparing the body for the process of fight or flight, controlling growth and controlling sexual development and reproduction. The glands which make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas, pineal, the ovaries and testes. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream; they are carried within blood plasma and affect target cells. Target cells have receptors that attach to specific hormones which have their own receptor. The hormones that are secreted are slower acting however are long-lasting and are good for assisting in areas within the internal environment that require constant adjustments. Therefore assisting with homeostasis. Glucose enters the blood from the small intestine, the body’s blood glucose levels are monitored by a gland called the Islet of Langerhans which is located within the pancreas. A bodies normal range of blood glucose levels are between 4-8mmol/l, these levels frequently change due to eating and exercise. A stable blood glucose level is important within the internal environment as it provides the brain with a strong energy source to enable it to operate and also enables mitochondria to produce Adenosine Triphosphate which is used by cells to perform some of the body’s most important functions such as respiration. Homeostatic regulation of glucose happens when the pancreas detects that the glucose levels become too high or too low as blood passes through it. In the event of Hypoglycemia, where the glucose levels becoming too low the receptor, that is found on the surface of alpha cells within the pancreas stop the production of insulin and start to produce a controller, th e hormone glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the stores of glycogen in the liver and muscles to convert back to glucose, this process is called glycogenesis. If this is not enough to bring the sugar levels back to normal, glucagon begins to convert fatty acids in to glucose using a process called Gluconeogenesiswithin the effectors. The effectors in this situation are the liver cells, muscles cells and fatty cells. Once converted the glucose is then released into the blood stream causing the bodies glucose levels to rise. In addition to this process, during periods of intense exercise where glucose levels drop the hormone adrenaline will convert glycogen into glucose. In the event of Hyperglycemia, where glucose levels become too high, the receptor which is located on the surface of the beta cells within the pancreas produce a controller to counter act the effects. The controller in this instance is a hormone called insulin. Once insulin is secreted into the bloodstream, glucose lev els within the body decrease because the excess glucose is converted into glycogen through a process called Glycogenesis within the effectors, namely the liver cells and muscles cells. Section 3 Within the process of homeostasis the nervous system detects and responds to adaptions within the body’s internal and external environments by sending fast electrical impulses through nerves to the brain which instructs an effector and enables them to react quickly and return the body to a state of equilibrium. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system which is subdivided into the spinal cord and the brain and the peripheral nervous system which is subdivided into the somatic nervous system which controls our voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system which controls our involuntary muscles which helps to create homeostatic regulation of functions within the body such as heart rate. Nerves within these subdivisions transport impulses between the central nervous system and the body. Blood pressure is the force applied on the inner walls of the blood vessels within the body by blood. Blood pressureis measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), A blood press ure reading below 130/80mmHg is considered to be normal (NHS Choices) The first numerical factor within a blood pressure reading is the systolic pressure of the blood which is the amount of beats you heart makes per minutes to pump blood away from the heart. The second numerical factor refers to the diastolic pressure which is the pressure of the blood when tour heart is at rest, in-between beats. During homeostatic regulation of blood pressure if a baroreceptor located in the aortic arch and internal carotid arteries detects a decrease in blood pressure it will send fewer impulses to the controllers, the cardiac centre and the vasomotor centre located in the medulla oblongata of the brain simultaneously. By sending fewer impulses to the cardiac centre it excites the sympathetic impulses and inhibits the parasympathetic impulses. This process excites the effector, Sino-atrial node in order to increase the heart rate, by doing this it causes the hearts cardiac output to increase. Alo ngside this process the fewer impulses being sent to the controller, the vasomotor centre also excites the sympathetic impulses which cause the effector, the smooth muscle within the arterioles to constrict this results in vasoconstriction and increased peripheral resistance. The combinations of these processes cause the blood pressure to increase back to within a normal range. During the detection of high blood pressure by the baroreceptors it sends more impulses to the controllers, the cardiac centre and the vasomotor centre simultaneously. By sending decreasing impulses to the cardiac centre it decreases sympathetic input and an increase in parasympathetic input which decreases the heart rate and cardiac output. Alongside this process the increase in impulses to the vasomotor centre causes an effector, the smooth muscle in the arterioles to dilate. This results in vasodilation and peripheral resistance decreases causing blood pressure to decrease. In addition to the baroreceptors , the kidneys are also involved in the monitoring of blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases the kidneys release a hormone called renin that caused the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. The release of aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and allows water to flow without resistance causing blood volume and pressure to rise. Section 4 Nephrotic syndrome tends to affect primary school age children. Between two and four children in every 100,000 develop nephrotic syndrome (NHS GOSH) Nephrotic syndrome is a condition where the glomeruli leak a substantial amount of protein therefore not enough protein remains in the blood to enable it to soak up water. This causes the water to move into body tissues causing oedema which presents itself as severe swelling. Proteins provide the body with antibodies this can cause a child with nephrotic syndrome to have a low immune system which results in an increased risk of infection. Other complications of this condition is difficulties in growth and development and prone to blood clots. If protein continues to leak this can lead to a loss of kidney function and ultimately kidney failure. A treatment option for this condition is a medication called furosemide, a loop diuretic that obstructs the reabsorption of sodium and water in the ascending loop of hele, achieved through competitive inhibition. This causes the osmotic gradient through the nephron to be destroyed due to the lumen becoming more hypertonic. This enables the kidn ey to secrete sodium onto the collecting ducts, attracting water volume which is then excreted by the bladder by producing more urine. This will result in less water retention in tissue that would be putting pressure on organs such as the lungs. The Electronic Medicines Compendium States that the pharmacodynamics properties of Furosemide are, it promotes sodium and chloride reabsorption. Furosemide inhibits mechanisms in the epithelial cells in order for sodium and chloride to enter and is transported through the secretory pathway in the proximal tubule. It decreases renal excretion of uric acid and increases loss of potassium in the urine and excretion of ammonia by the kidney. The dosages available for children with oedema as stated by the BNF for Children are orally. Neonate 0.5–2mg/kg every 12–24 hours (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks),Child 1 month–12 years 0.5–2mg/kg 2–3 times daily (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks); higher doses may be required in resistant oedema; max. 12mg/kg daily, not to exceed 80mg daily, Child 12–18 years 20–40mg daily, increased in resistant oedema to 80–120mg daily. Through a slow intravenous injection, Neonate 0.5–1mg/kg every 12–24 hours (every 24 hours if corrected gestational age under 31 weeks), Child 1 month–12 years 0.5–1mg/kg repeated every 8 hours as necessary; max. 2mg/kg (max. 40mg) every 8 hours and a Child 12–18 years 20–40mg repeated every 8 hours as necessary; higher doses may be required in resistant cases Through a continuous intravenous infusion ,Child 1 month–18 years 0.1–2mg/kg/hour (following cardiac surgery, initially 100micrograms/kg/hour, doubled every 2 hours until urine output exceeds 1mL/kg/hour) The Pharmacokinetic properties as stated by the Electronic Medicine Compendium of Furosemide are that it is a weak carboxylic acid which exists in the gastro-intestinal tract. Furosemide is rapidly absorbed but 60-70% id absorbed on oral administration within the upper duodenum at PH level 5.0. Furosemide binds to albumin proteins and the volume of distribution ranges between 170 – 270 ml/Kg. 69-97% is excreted in the first four hours after the drug is given and 80-90% of Furosemide is excreted through the kidneys. Reference list Tortora, G.T. and Derrickson, B.H. (2009) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: Organisation, Support, Movement, and Control Systems of the Human Body. 12th ed. Asia: John Wiley and Sons. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2010) Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier Inc. NHS Choices (2014) High Blood Pressure Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 19.11.2014]. NHS GOSH (2012) Childhood nephrotic syndrome information Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/nephrotic-syndrome/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed 22.11.2014] BNF for Children (2014-2015) FUROSEMIDE Available from: https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/bnfc/current/PHP11437-lasix.htm?q=furosemidet=searchss=textp=3#PHP11437-lasix [Accessed 23.11.2014] Electronic Medicine Compendium (2014) Furosemide 10mg/ml Solution for Injection or Infusion, 20mg in 2ml and 250mg in 25ml Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20958 [Accessed 23.11.2014]

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden Caulfield - A Nice Kid in a Cruel World :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden Caulfield - A Nice Kid in a Cruel World      Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years, members of the literary community have critiqued just about every author they could get their pen on.   One of the most popular novels to be critiqued has been J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.   In favorable critiques, Holden Caulfield is a good guy stuck in a bad world. He is trying to make the best of his life, though ultimately losing that battle. Whereas he aims at stability and truth, the adult world cannot survive without suspense and lies. It is a testament to his innocence and decent spirit that Holden would place the safety of children as a goal in his lifetime. This serves to only re-iterate the fact that Holden is a sympathetic character, a person of high moral values who is too weak to pick himself up from a difficult situation.    S.N. Behrman, in his review for The New Yorker, also took a sharp look at Holden's personality. Behrman found Caulfield to be very self-critical, as he often refers to himself as a terrible liar, a madman, and a moron. Holden is driven crazy by phoniness, an idea under which he lumps insincerity, snobbery, injustice, callousness, and a lot more. He is a prodigious worrier, and someone who is moved to pity quite often. Behrman wrote: "Grown men sometimes find the emblazoned obscenities of life too much for them, and leave this world indecorously, so the fact that a 16-year old boy is overwhelmed should not be surprising" (71). Holden is also labeled as curious and compassionate, a true moral idealist whose attitude comes from an intense hatred of hypocrisy. The novel opens in a doctor's office, where Holden is recuperating from physical illness and a mental breakdown. In Holden's fight with Stradlater, his roommate, he reveals his moral ideals: he fears his roommate's sexual motives, and he values children for their sincerity and innocence, seeking to protect them from the phony adult society. Jane Gallagher and Allie, the younger brother of Holden who died at age 11, represent his everlasting symbols of goodness (Davis 317).    A quote by Charles Kegel seems to adequately sum up the problems of Holden Caulfield: "Like Stephen Dedalus of James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,Caulfield is in search of the Word. His problem is one of communication: as a teenager, he simply cannot get through to the adult world which surrounds him; as a sensitive teenager, he cannot get through others of his own age" (54).

Importance of JIT in Modern Organisation Essay

The philosophy of just-in-time (JIT) originated in Japan 50 years ago at Toyota Motor Co. The goal is to create a production environment driven by demand that holds only a small amount of inventory and products at any given time. Organizations in the manufacturing, service and public sectors are implementing a wide variety of innovative managerial tools and JIT philosophy to help them deal with the highly competitive, customer-driven environments in which they must operate. External relationships, for example with vendors and transportation carriers, become critical for effective support of JIT systems. Co-ordinate such relationships and interactions introduces additional complexity into the system. Many companies now operate in a global environment that offers both threats and opportunities to their very survival. This global environment changes at an ever increasing rate and manufacturing organisations need to be able to adapt to those changes very quickly or they will succumb to their competitors. This paper clarifies the basic features of JIT and their benefits to organizations. The paper illustrates some advantages of using JIT system in order to emphasis the importance of adopt this system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to advocate the JIT systems through analyse the current problems in most organizations. INTRODUCTION JIT manufacturing has the capacity, when properly adapted to the organisation, to strengthen the organisation’s competitiveness in the marketplace substantially by reducing wastes and improving product quality and efficiency of production. â€Å"JIT manufacturing is a philosophy by which an organization seeks continually to improve its products and processes by eliminating waste† (Ptak, 1997). It is a systems approach to reduce stock and eliminate waste, thus to produces only necessary items in necessary quantities at necessary times. It has been widely implemented in manufacturing industries as a survival strategy against global market competition. JIT offers various benefits, such as  greater throughput, higher productivity and better quality. In this paper, the author will start from the basic elements of JIT, and batch size discussion will be followed in section 2. Section 3 will clarify two basic methods of JIT which can be used to overcome the â€Å"local versus company-wide† dilemma. The relationship of ERP and JIT will be mentioned in Section 4. Section 5 will illustrate outcomes of JIT to a supply chain of company. 1. FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF JIT JIT composes of ten basic elements which are: Flexible resources Cellular layouts Pull production system Kanban production control Small-lot production Quick setups Uniform production levels Quality at the source Total productive maintenance Supplier network The author will illustrate each of these elements and their outcomes for JIT system. _Flexible Resources_ It is recognized as a key element of JIT which requires workers with the ability to perform more than one job and general-purpose machines with the ability to perform several basic functions. With single workers operating multiple machines, the machines themselves also required some adjustments. Extra tools and fixtures were purchased and placed at their point of use so that operators did not have to leave their stations to retrieve them when needed. The company uses of JIT system can reduce the waste of movement to other machines, setting up other machines and waiting at other machines can also be eliminated. _Cellular layouts_ It creates manufacturing cells that comprise of dissimilar machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts. The layout of machines within the cell resembles a small assembly line and is usually U-shaped. Work is moved within the cell which in normally in one direction and experiences little waiting. In a one-person cell, the cycle time of the cell is determined by the time it takes for the worker to complete his or her path through the cell. It means even different items produced may take different time to complete; the time between successive items leaving the cell remains virtually the same because the worker’s path remains the same. _Pull system_ It emphasizes the supermarket approach and relies on customer requests to pull products/components through the system. Workers take only those parts or materials they need and can process immediately. The system avoids overproduction and; only necessary quantities are produced. _Kanban Production Control System_ â€Å"Kanban is a ‘pull’ system which is driven by the demand at the lowest point in the chain.†(Christopher, p186, 1998) A kanban contains such information as part number, description, type of container, unit load, preceding  station, and subsequent station. In a Kanban system the aim would be to produce only that quantity needed for immediate demand. It provides a simple and understandable process, quick and precise information with lower cost, avoid overproduction and delegate the responsibilities to line workers. _Small-lot production_ It requires less space and capital investment. Incorporate the production of small amounts at a time can allow processes to be moved closer together and transportation between stations can be simplified. The quality problems are easier to detect in small-lot production. Lower inventory levels make processes more dependent on each other. In short, small-lot production will help people to discover the errors and solve the problems quickly. _Quick Setups_ It incorporates a system called SMED (single minute exchange of dies) that focuses on the principles for quick set-ups. The system differentiates between internal and external set-up, where internal set-up can be performed only when the machine is stopped, and external set-up can be performed while the machine is operating. It convert internal set-up to external set-up. _Uniform Production Levels_ It is achieved by smoothing the production requirements on the final assembly line. It aims to reduce variability through more accurate forecasts, smoothing of demand and incorporating mixed-model assembly steadying component production. _Quality at the Source_ One of the most important issues of just-in-time is quality. Just-in-time companies should follow the concept of quality at the source, or doing it right the first time throughout all areas of the organization. Just-in-time can only be successful in a company that is already producing quality goods.  A quality at the source (jidoka) program must be implemented to give workers the personal responsibility for the quality of the work they do, and the authority to stop production when something goes wrong. _Total Productive Maintenance_ It refers to the practice of preventive maintenance with the concepts of total quality – employee involvement, decisions based on data, zero defects, and a strategic focus. The goal of TPM is zero breakdowns. _Supplier Networks_ A network of reliable suppliers is also essential to JIT. An organization will reap many benefits in terms of costs and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of reduced cost. The supplier benefits by long-term business relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time. 2. BATCH SIZE DELEMMA Large batch size can reduce set-up cost per unit, however, the carrying cost of it must be higher due to the higher inventory. Large batch inventory may hide many quality problems and only become visible when downstream customers try to use and it does not fit. A large batch size will tend to create long waiting time delays as large jobs wait in queue behind large jobs being processed. Thus, a longer average job queuing time will result from either batch size that are too small (an excessive amount of machine time is consumed by setups), or batch size that are too large (large jobs waiting in queue behind other large jobs). It means large batch can result of a number of difficulties, including: lengthy setups, long queues at work centers, material waiting to be moved to the next operation, long distances between work centers, uneven loads from one period to the next, equipment and workers with limited flexibility, unexpected equipment failure, and large  safety stocks to cover possible scrap. Let’s consider how the JIT approach can solve some of these difficulties. â€Å"JIT philosophy the requirement is for small shipments to be made more frequently and to meet the precise time requirements of the customer.† (Christopher, p188, 1998) Smaller batch sizes are desirable because they lead to such benefits as shorter lead times, less work in process, fewer space requirements, and less scrap and rework. With all the machines located close together in the cell, material handling is greatly reduced. Moreover, control of parts flows and scheduling within the cell are simplified, as is tracking the status of jobs. Also, small batch size leads to lower inventory, which will make it easier to discover the problems. Lower inventory makes reliable continuous flow delivery. Although small batch size usually needs more money on set-up cost per unit, the carrying cost of it must be lower due to the small-lot production. 3. JIT OVERCOMES THE â€Å"LOCAL VERSUS COMPANY-WIDE† DILEMMA JIT focuses on total employee involvement, not on the local or departmental resources, This principle can be found through analyzing the two basic elements of JIT-Kaizen and Group Technology. Kaizen is the Japanese term for continuous improvement. It is both a rigorous, scientific method using statistical quality control (SQC) and an adaptive framework of organizational values and beliefs that keep workers and management alike focused on zero defects. It is a philosophy of never being satisfied with what was accomplished last week or last year. It is the team responsibility to improve current systems and procedures. Management, staff, and labor must participate. It need total employee involvement, that is, participation of every employee at every level. To be able to establish a JIT manufacturing system, every department should have some commitment to align with a common goal. The company’s top management must also support this goal in order to have resources and time allocated to developing the necessary systems and procedures. The Kaizen cycle has four steps: Establish a plan to change whatever needs to be improved. Carrying out changes on a small scale. Observe the results, Evaluate both the results and the process and determine what has been learned. Group technology seeks to improve productivity by grouping parts and products with similar characteristics into families and forming production cells with a group of dissimilar machines and processes.† The aim of group technology is to makes it possible for a firm to achieve higher levels of flexibility without increasing production costs or sacrificing product quality, thus leading to an improved competitive position for the firm. GT is the concept of exploiting similarities to achieve manufacturing and design efficiencies. For instance, the cells group dissimilar machines together to process a family of parts with similar shapes, the worked paths are given at the same time. The cycle time is also prescribed by the workers paths. The flexibility of this layout must be very much efficient. It is the group technology which makes the works independent to a department. 4. JIT SYSTEM & ERP ERP is an account-oriented information system for identifying and planning the enterprise wide resources needed to take, make, ship, and account for customers’ orders. â€Å"The use of the system has the potential to convert supply chains into demand chains in the sense that the system can now respond to known demand rather than having to anticipate that demand through a forecast.† (Christopher, p199, 1998) For many users, an ERP is a â€Å"do it all† system that performs everything from entry of sales orders to customer service The system integrated operations and reporting to initiate, monitor, and track critical activities such as order fulfilment and replenishment  processing. It is a method for the effective planning and control of all resources needed to take, make, ship and account for customers orders in a manufacturing, distribution, or service company. It attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer syste m that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs. JIT (just in time) is a philosophy based on the elimination of waste, an important component of JIT is kanbans which is a technique based on replacing material that has been used but has no forward visibility. ERP systems improve efficiency of organizations and allow for more accurate information for decision makers to utilize. In connection with JIT process, ERP systems help to flatten an organization across the entire global enterprise by identifying business areas that are not adding value. Within the pull system, the production of a certain product starts on the demand or at the request of the buyer. It has been determined that the computer is the best source for determining when an order should be placed. Companies use ERP information system can link the replenishment of product in the market place with their upstream operations and those of their suppliers through the use of shared information. The system monitors and measures all aspects of production as the order proceeds through the various steps of the production cycle. The work order provides a complete â€Å"audit trail† which will come in handy later down the road. Presently, ERP is considered the price of entry for running a business and for being connected to other enterprises in a network economy. As the business scale becomes global, and technology such as the Internet allows speedy and inexpensive communication, the use of ERP systems will be critical to an organization’s success. e-commerce and supply chain management techniques, along with JIT, will be a push toward better information systems to better manage the organization and support customers and suppliers along the supply chain. In this growing global economy, the business that provides better product with better customer service will be the business that survives the increased competitiveness. Businesses can better provide for their customers by integrating the online shopping experience with automated ERP systems. 5. JIT IN A COMPANY _Quick Response_ QR has been defined as a philosophical business umbrella, by which retailers decrease inventory levels while gaining greater customer delivery, through innovative use of technology and business partnerships. There are many tools are used to create QR environment, which include bar code, POS and EDI. Manufacturers have turned to just-in-time (JIT) as their answer to the problem of managing inventories. They look to JIT to reduce lead time, eliminate waste, produce to customer demand, and develop long-term relationships with suppliers. In turn this will help manufacturers to satisfy the customers’ requirements with minimum levels of inventory and increase productivity. Retailers, struggling for survival, also must find ways to substantially reduce their cost while improving customer service. One major coat incurred by retailers is the cost associated with carrying and handling inventory, which serves to satisfy customer demand. The volume of inventory the retailer carries is proportional to the sizes, styles, prices, models, colors, and so forth of the products and their total lead time. If lead time were zero, the inventory would be zero. Even though this is not practical, the shorter the lead time, the smaller total the inventory. Retailers are now adopting the philosophy that is referred to as Quick Response (QR). Quick response can be considered as a process that uses real-time or near-real-time signals to trigger replenishment responses in the supply chain for manufacturers or retailers. This will improve inventory turns, product allocation and replenishment times and helps retailers avoid running out of important stock. â€Å"The basic idea behind quick response (QR) is that in order to reap the advantages of time-based competition it is necessary to develop systems that are responsive and fast. Hence QR is the umbrella term for the information systems and the JIT systems that combine to provide ‘the right product in the right place at the right time.† (Christopher, p192, 1998) In short, QR is the retailer sends a replenishment order to the supplier or manufacturer via electronic data interchange (EDI). _Vendor relationship_ Companies with just in time production systems depend on suppliers to deliver quality goods on time. An organization will reap many benefits in terms of costs and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. Suppliers must deliver goods as frequently as required. Suppliers must make numerous deliveries each day in the exact quantity specified. Because of frequent deliveries, central receiving areas and warehouses are not needed. Several suppliers may combine their loads on one truck that will tour the supplier plants to pick up itmes for delivery to the customer. Meanwhile, the small warehouses could be used for frequently delivered items, and the consolidation warehouses could become load-switching points when geographic distances between supplier and customer prohibit daily deliveries. Generally materials are delivered straight to the area of the production process. The JIT approach presents a very different perspective on the relationship. The JIT purchaser-supplier relationship is one of a partnership-in-profit creation. The cooperative relationship, on the supplier’s side, insulates them from the full force of competition in the supply segment of the market chain. This is particularly noticeable when the supplier is committed to only one, or at most, a few purchasers. The buyer, on the other hand, can benefit from the non-investment and low risks of this â€Å"vertical integration†. Companies must build relationships with suppliers. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of reduced cost. The supplier benefits by long-term business relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time. CONCLUSION Hence we can see that to have a Total JIT manufacturing system, a company-wide commitment, proper materials, quality, people and equipments must always be made available when needed. In addition; the policies and procedures developed for an internal JIT structure should also be extended into the company’s supplier and customer base to establish the identification of duplication of effort and performance feedback review to continuously reduced wastage and improve quality. Reference Christopher, M., (1998), Logistics and supply chain management – strategies for reducing cost and improving service (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall. Ptak, C., 1987, MRP and Beyond: A Toolbox for Integrating People and Systems, Irwin, Chicago, IL.

Inchon Invasion in the Korean War (Operation Chromite)

Inchon Invasion in the Korean War (Operation Chromite) The Inchon landings took place on September 15, 1950, during the Korean War (1950-1953). Since the beginning of the conflict that June, South Korean and United Nations forces had been steadily driven south into a tight perimeter around the port of Pusan. Seeking to regain the initiative and liberate the South Korean capital of Seoul, General Douglas MacArthur devised a plan for a daring amphibious landing at Inchon on South Koreas west coast. Far from the Pusan Perimeter, his troops began landing on September 15 and caught the North Koreans by surprise. The landings, coupled with an offensive from the Pusan Perimeter, caused the North Koreans to retreat back across the 38th Parallel with UN forces in pursuit. Fast Facts: Inchon Invasion Conflict: Korean War (1950-1953)Dates: September 15, 1950Armies Commanders:United NationsGeneral Douglas MacArthurVice Admiral Arthur D. StrubleGeneral Jeong Il-Gwon40,000 menNorth KoreaGeneral Choi Yong-kunapproximately 6,500 menCasualties:United Nations: 566 killed and 2,713 woundedNorth Korea: 35,000 killed and captured Background Following the opening of the Korean War and the North Korean invasion of South Korea in the summer of 1950, United Nations forces were steadily driven south from the 38th Parallel. Initially lacking the necessary equipment to halt the North Korean armor, American troops suffered defeats at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon before attempting to make a stand at Taejeon.  Though the city ultimately fell after several days of fighting, the effort made American and South Korean forces bought valuable time for additional men and material to be brought to the peninsula as well as for UN troops to establish a defensive line in the southeast which was dubbed the Pusan Perimeter. General Douglas MacArthur during the Inchon Landings, September 1950. National Archives and Records Administration Protecting the critical port of Pusan, this line came under repeated attacks by the North Koreans. With the bulk of the North Korean Peoples Army (NKPA) engaged around Pusan, UN Supreme Commander General Douglas MacArthur began advocating for a daring amphibious strike on the peninsulas west coast at Inchon. This he argued would catch the NKPA off guard, while landing UN troops close to the capital at Seoul and placing them in a position to cut the North Koreans supply lines. Many were initially skeptical of MacArthurs plan as Inchons harbor possessed a narrow approach channel, strong current, and wildly fluctuating tides. Also, the harbor was surrounded by easily defended seawalls. In presenting his plan, Operation Chromite, MacArthur cited these factors as reasons the NKPA would not anticipate an attack at Inchon. After finally winning approval from Washington, MacArthur selected the US Marines to lead the attack. Ravaged by post-World War II cutbacks, the Marines consolidated all available manpower and reactivated aging equipment to prepare for the landings. Pre-Invasion Operations To pave the way for the invasion, Operation Trudy Jackson was launched a week before the landings. This involved the landing of a joint CIA-military intelligence team on Yonghung-do Island in the Flying Fish Channel on the approach to Inchon. Led by Navy Lieutenant Eugene Clark, this team provided intelligence to UN forces and restarted the lighthouse at Palmi-do. Aided by South Korean counter-intelligence officer Colonel Ke In-Ju, Clarks team collected important data regarding the proposed landing beaches, defenses, and local tides. This latter piece of information proved critical as they found that the American tidal charts for the area were inaccurate. When Clarks activities were discovered, the North Koreans dispatched a patrol boat and later several armed junks to investigate. After mounting a machine gun on a sampan, Clarks men were able to sink the patrol boat drive off the enemy. As retribution, the NKPA killed 50 civilians for aiding Clark. Preparations As the invasion fleet neared, UN aircraft began striking a variety of targets around Inchon. Some of these were provided by the fast carriers of Task Force 77, USS Philippine Sea (CV-47), USS Valley Forge (CV-45), and USS Boxer (CV-21), which assumed a position offshore. On September 13, UN cruisers and destroyers closed on Inchon to clear mines from the Flying Fish Channel and to shell NKPA positions on Wolmi-do Island in Inchon harbor. Though these actions caused the North Koreans to believe than an invasion was coming, the commander at Wolmi-do assured the NKPA command that he could repulse any attack. The next day, UN warships returned to Inchon and continued their bombardment. USS Valley Forge (CV-45), 1948. US Naval History Heritage Command Going Ashore On the morning of September 15, 1950, the invasion fleet, led by Normandy and Leyte Gulf veteran Admiral Arthur Dewey Struble, moved into position and the men of Major General Edward Almonds X Corps prepared to land. Around 6:30 AM, the first UN troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Tapletts 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines came ashore at Green Beach on the northern side of Wolmi-do. Supported by nine M26 Pershing tanks from the 1st Tank Battalion, the Marines succeeded in capturing the island by noon, suffering only 14 casualties in the process. First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, USMC, leads the 3rd Platoon, Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines over the seawall on the northern side of Red Beach, as the second assault wave lands at Inchon, 15 September 1950. US Naval History and Heritage Command Through the afternoon they defended the causeway to Inchon proper, while awaiting reinforcements. Due to the extreme tides in the harbor, the second wave did not arrive until 5:30 PM. At 5:31, the first Marines landed and scaled the sea wall at Red Beach. Though under fire from North Korean positions on Cemetery and Observation Hills, the troops successfully landed and pushed inland. Located just north of the Wolmi-do causeway, the Marines on Red Beach quickly reduced the NKPA opposition, allowing forces from Green Beach to enter the battle. Colonel Lewis Chesty Puller. November 1950. US Marine Corps Pressing into Inchon, the forces from Green and Red Beaches were able to take the city and compelled the NKPA defenders to surrender. As these events were unfolding, the 1st Marine Regiment, under Colonel Lewis Chesty Puller was landing on Blue Beach to the south. Though one LST was sunk while approaching the beach, the Marines met little opposition once ashore and quickly moved to help consolidate the UN position. The landings at Inchon caught the NKPA command by surprise. Believing that the main invasion would come at Kusan (the result of UN disinformation), the NKPA only sent a small force to the area. Aftermath Impact UN casualties during the Inchon landings and subsequent battle for the city were 566 killed and 2,713 wounded. In the fighting the NKPA lost more than 35,000 killed and captured. As additional UN forces came ashore, they were organized into the US X Corps. Attacking inland, they advanced towards Seoul, which was taken on September 25, after brutal house-to-house fighting. United Nations Offensive, South Korea 1950 - Situation 26 September and Operations Since 15 September. US Army The daring landing at Inchon, coupled with 8th Armys breakout from the Pusan Perimeter, threw the NKPA into a headlong retreat. UN troops quickly recovered South Korea and pressed into the north. This advance continued until late November when Chinese troops poured into North Korea causing UN forces to withdraw south.

Cecilia Beaux Bio - American Portrait Painter

Cecilia Beaux Bio - American Portrait Painter Movement, Style, School or Type of Art: Realism, specifically portraiture. The artist was frequently (and favorably) compared to John Singer Sargent, which she took as a compliment. Beaux executed some technically flawless, personally uninspiring drawings of fossils and shells for the paleontologist E. D. Cope in 1874. Though it was a paying job, she so disliked portraying anything except people (and the occasional cat), she never again ventured outside of portraiture. Her start here involved painting the faces of children on yet-to-be-fired porcelain plates a briefly lucrative proposition that allowed her to bank funds with which to pursue her true ambition: oil portraiture in the grand manner (i.e.: full-length poses of nicely-clothed, usually-wealthy sitters). Date and Place of Birth: May 1, 1855, Philadelphia Records indicate that Beauxs christened name was Eliza Cecilia, after her mother, Cecilia Kent Leavitt (1822-1855). She was thus connected with old Main Line Philadelphia Society, although the Leavitt family had become decidedly middle class by the time of the artists birth. Unfortunately, Beauxs mother died of puerperal fever a scant 12 days after giving birth. Her grieving father, silk merchant Jean Adolphe Beaux (1810-1884) returned to France, leaving Cecilia and her older sister, Aimà ©e Ernesta (Etta), to be raised by the Leavitts. Cecilia was known as Leilie to family, for her father could not bear to call the infant by her dead mothers name. Early Life: It may sound incongruous to say that the two little sisters, de facto orphans, were fortunate to be raised by relatives. However, their grandmother, Cecilia Leavitt, and their maiden aunts Eliza and Emily, were remarkably progressive women. Etta and Leilie were educated in a home that valued female scholastic and artistic pursuits, and saw their Aunt Eliza contribute monetarily to the household by working as a music teacher. It was evident from an early age that Leilie had a talent for drawing. The Leavitt women and Aunt Eliza, in particular encouraged and supported her efforts. The girl was given her first drawing lessons, a set of lithographs for beginning art students, and visits to see art by Eliza (who had visual art talents, as well as being a musician). When Aunt Emily married William Foster Biddle in 1860, the couple settled into the Leavitt home a few years later. Beaux would later credit Uncle Willie as the biggest influence in her life, second only to her grandmother. Kind and generous, Biddle helped raise the Beaux girls as if they were his own children. For the first time since Leilie was born, the household had a strong male role model and a bit more discretionary income. He, too, encouraged his neice in developing her artistic talents. Although the Leavitts had little money, they were one of Philadelphia societys oldest families. Uncle Willie paid the fees for both girls to attend the Misses Lymans School a must for young women in society circles. Enrolled at age 14, Leilie spent two years there as a decidely average student. She established many good connections, but was unhappy that she couldnt afford the extra fees for art instruction. When Beaux graduated the family decided that she must have proper artistic instruction, so Biddle arranged for her to study with Catharine Ann Drinker, a distant relative and accomplished female artist. Best Known For: Cecilia Beaux was the first female instructor at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Important Works: Les Derniers jours denfance (The Last Days of Infancy), 1883-85 Date and Place of Death: September 17, 1942, Gloucester, Massachusetts. Disabled since breaking her hip in 1924, 87-year-old Beaux died at her home, Green Alley. Her grave is located at West Laurel Hill Cemetary, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, close to Etta (1852-1939) in the Drinker family plot. How To Pronounce Cecilia Beaux: sess ·seal ·ya boh Quotes From Cecilia Beaux: Line is line, space is spacewherever found. The consideration of them is necessary to every work of art, and no such work can exist without them. from the lecture Portriature, 1907.Never was a word more absued than Technique. To many Technique means the purely mechanical, material side of a work, something generally found to be hard, shiny, even vulgar. Just now, to be clumsy is to be admired. Indeed bungling is much in fashion now, in painting. And if one does not bungle naturally, one may easily learn how to do it from the initiated.But the true definition of Technique is very simple. A perfect technique in anything only means that there has been no break in continuity between conception, or thought, and the act of performance. from Address to the Comtemporary Club of Philadelphia Shortly after Sargents Death, 1926In my opinion the charm and magic of color is inseperable from substance; that is, from texture. from the lecture Color, 1928. Sources and Further Reading Cecilia Beaux Papers, 1863-1968. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Beaux, Cecilia. Background with Figures: Autobiography of Cecilia Beaux.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930. Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Family Portrait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1970. Carter, Alice A. Cecilia Beaux: A Modern Painter in the Gilded Age.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: Rizzoli, 2005. Drinker, Henry S. The Paintings and Drawings of Cecilia Beaux.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1955. Tappert, Tara L. Cecilia Beaux and the Art of Portraiture.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.-. Beaux, Cecilia.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, (27 January 2012). Read a review of Grove Art Online. Yount, Sylvia, et al. Cecilia Beaux: American Figure Painter (exh. cat.).Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. Go to Artist Profiles: Names beginning with B or Artist Profiles: Main Index